Learning Objective
- Calculate the concentration of a diluted solution.
Serial Dilution Lab Answers
Lab Report Overview Each student is responsible for 50% of lab work, and for individual, original reports. The lab report constitutes 50% of the final grade. The organization, accuracy, completeness, interest in topic, results and explanations determine report grade. The format of the report is that of a journal submission. LAB REPORT OF MICROBIOLOGY. As the name implies, serial dilutions of a sample are spread onto the surfaces of agar plates. Materials Tapwater or pond water sample Nutrient agar plates Dilution water blanks (9 mL) Pipettes (1 mL, sterile) Pipette bulb or mechanical pump Glass spreaders Alcohol (in a beaker) Vortex mixer Marking.
Key Points
- Most commonly, a solution’s concentration is expressed in terms of mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality. When calculating dilution factors, it is important that the units of volume and concentration remain consistent.
- Dilution calculations can be performed using the formula M1V1 = M2V2.
- A serial dilution is a series of stepwise dilutions, where the dilution factor is held constant at each step.
Terms
- dilutiona solution that has had additional solvent, such as water, added to make it less concentrated
- serial dilutionstepwise dilution of a substance in solution
Dilution refers to the process of adding additional solvent to a solution to decrease its concentration. This process keeps the amount of solute constant, but increases the total amount of solution, thereby decreasing its final concentration. Dilution can also be achieved by mixing a solution of higher concentration with an identical solution of lesser concentration. Diluting solutions is a necessary process in the laboratory, as stock solutions are often purchased and stored in very concentrated forms. For the solutions to be usable in the lab (for a titration, for instance), they must be accurately diluted to a known, lesser concentration.
The volume of solvent needed to prepare the desired concentration of a new, diluted solution can be calculated mathematically. The relationship is as follows:
[latex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2[/latex]
M1 denotes the concentration of the original solution, and V1 denotes the volume of the original solution; M2 represents the concentration of the diluted solution, and V2 represents the final volume of the diluted solution. When calculating dilution factors, it is important that the units for both volume and concentration are the same for both sides of the equation.
Example
- 175 mL of a 1.6 M aqueous solution of LiCl is diluted with water to a final volume of 1.0 L. What is the final concentration of the diluted solution?
- [latex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2[/latex]
- (1.6 M)(175 mL) = M2(1000 mL)
- M2 = 0.28 M
Serial Dilutions
Serial dilutions involve diluting a stock or standard solution multiple times in a row. Typically, the dilution factor remains constant for each dilution, resulting in an exponential decrease in concentration. For example, a ten-fold serial dilution could result in the following concentrations: 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M, and so on. As is evidenced in this example, the concentration is reduced by a factor of ten in each step. Serial dilutions are used to accurately create extremely diluted solutions, as well as solutions for experiments that require a concentration curve with an exponential or logarithmic scale. Serial dilutions are widely used in experimental sciences, including biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, and physics.
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Enzymes are a protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins made up of long chains of amino acids. These form complex shapes. The enzymes are individuals, like the different players on a ball team, they have different specific structures and jobs. As one ball player may be very tall and one short, the specific different shape of the active site on an enzyme is unique and prepares it to mix with a certain substrate.
Without enzymes, the process of metabolism would be hopelessly slow. The reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to the enzyme’s substrate.
The enzyme will combine with or to its substrate. While the two are joined, the substrate is converted to its product by catalytic action of the enzyme. There is an active site of the enzyme molecule which is a restricted region that actually attaches to the substrate.
Usually the active site is formed by only a few of the enzyme’s amino acids, the rest is just the framework that reinforces the active site. In an enzymatic reaction, the substrate enters the active site then is held in place by weak bonds. Now the enzyme does its work and first changes shape so it can hold onto the substrate. Next the substrate is changed to its product, the product is released and the enzymes active site is ready and waiting for another molecule of substrate.
Amylase is an enzyme in human saliva and in other organisms and its substrate is starch. When the active site of amylase binds with the starch, hydrolysis takes place. When the hydrolysis (the breaking of a chemical bond with the insertion of the ions of a water molecule) of starch is complete you are left with a disaccharide called maltose.
Enzymes are necessary for metabolic reactions, the question I pose is this–do variances of temperature, ph, substrate and enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?
METHOD
To prepare for the experiment the following equipment was assembled: a spot plate, a test tube with amylase and starch in it, a pasteur pipet, and iodine. The spot plate was labeled in time intervals each two minutes apart. A drop of iodine was placed in each area of the spot plate. This will demonstrate how long it takes the amylase to hydrolyze
the starch.
Using the pipet, a drop or two of the amylase/starch mixture was placed in one circle containing iodine on the spot plate. If the iodine turned blue, the hydrolysis is incomplete and the test was repeated at two minute intervals. If it remains the color of iodine the reaction is complete. The time that elapsed from the beginning of the the reaction is noted.
To test the affect of temperature differences on the reaction 4 test tubes with a starch/amylase mixture were labeled at different degrees C. 5C, 24C, 40C, 70C. The test tubes were immersed in 4 water baths that were at the temperature labeled on the test tubes. The test tubes were left immersed for 10 minutes. The proceedure noted above with iodine was followed for each test tube and the results documented.
To test the effect of ph on the rate of hydrolysis 4 buffered solutions of ph 1.0, 3.0,7.0 and 10.0 were prepared . 4 test tubes were labeled with the different ph levels. The appropriate buffer solution was added to each test tube. Next .5 ml of amylase was added to each test tube. The test tubes were plugged and inverted to mix the contents. Beginning with the test tube with lowest ph, 10 ml of starch was added to each tube. The tubes were again plugged and inverted to mix the contents. Again the proceedure with the iodine was followed and the results documented.
To test the effect substrate has on the rate of hydrolysis 4 test tubes were labeled with the following substrate dilutions: 50%, 25%, 10% and 5%. In the 4 test tubes, the following starch solutions were prepared:
Dilution Starch Water
50% 10ml 10ml
25% 5ml 15ml
10% 2ml 18ml
5% 1ml 19ml
.1 ml of amylase was added to each test tube and the procedure with the iodine was followed and the results documented.
To test the effect of enzyme concentration on hydrolysis, 4 test tubes were labeled with the following enzyme dilutions: 5%, 2.5%, 1%, .5%. In the 4 test tubes, the following enzyme solutions were prepared:
Dilution Amylase Water
5% 2.0ml 0.0ml
2.5% 1.0ml 1.0ml
1% .4ml 1.6ml
.5% .2ml 1.8ml
Then 18ml of starch to each tube, the proceedure with the iodine was followed and the results documented.
RESULTS
Upon the conclusion of the test, it was determined that variances of temperature, ph, substrate and enzyme concentration did affect the rate of the reaction. Different than what a person may think, the rate of reaction was longer with the colder temperature and the highest temperature. The rate if reaction shortened with the middle temperatures of 24 and 40 degrees C.
In the test of the ph variances, again the results showed the longest rate of reaction in the highest and lowest ph levels. The rate of reaction decreased when the ph level changed from 3.0 to 7.0. The substrate concentration variances showed a steady increase in the rate of reaction in relation to increase of concentration. The enzyme concentration showed a steady decrease in the rate of reaction in relation to increased concentration. All raw data is stated in graphs at the end of this report.
In the test of the ph variances, again the results showed the longest rate of reaction in the highest and lowest ph levels. The rate of reaction decreased when the ph level changed from 3.0 to 7.0. The substrate concentration variances showed a steady increase in the rate of reaction in relation to increase of concentration. The enzyme concentration showed a steady decrease in the rate of reaction in relation to increased concentration. All raw data is stated in graphs at the end of this report.
Serial Dilutions Lab
CONCLUSION
It was confirmed in this experiment that changes in the environment like temperature, ph levels, substrate and enzyme concentrations did effect the rate of reaction. It really should be evident that the substrate and enzyme concentration levels would effect the rate of reaction the was they did as it was noted in the intro of the paper the role each one of these plays in the reaction process. As far as temperature and ph effect on the rate of reaction the results were surprising and hard to explain, unless one thinks about the body and how it functions the best at a ph of around 7, neither acidic or alkaline. Likewise the body does not function well at a very high temperature or a very low temperature.
Literature Cited
1) Campbell, N. A. and J. B. Reece. 2002. Biology. 6th ed. Prentice Hall.
2) Vodopich, D. S. Contract wars client hack. and R. Moore. 1999. Biology: Laboratory Manual. 5th ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill
3) Intro to Enzymes. December 4, 2002. http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introBiochem/introEnzymes
Serial Dilution Lab Report Paper Chromatography
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